Primary Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (ACBRI 376) were initiated by elutriation of dispase-dissociated normal human brain cortex tissue.

Primary Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells can provide a useful tool for adherence, transport and permeability studies of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). ACBRI 376 cells demonstrate particular markers of differentiation (interdigitated cell contact, desmosomes, Z0-1 protein epitopes) similar to those observed in vivo. The morphological and immunofluorescent markers detailed for ACBRI 376 are suggestive of a differentiated cell monolayer that can be used to study properties of the human BBB.

Click For Current Applications and Assays Using Cell Systems Primary Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (ACBRI 376)

ACBRI 376 Primary Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

ACBRI 376 cells 3 days after plating, plated with Attachment Factor™, cultured in Cell Systems Complete Medium Kit With Serum and CultureBoost-R™ (4Z0-500-R).

ACBRI 376 cells express endothelial cell markers including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor. They also take up DiI-Ac-LDL in an endothelial cell functional assay.

ACBRI 376 cells express ZO-1 indicating the formation of tight junctions.

Cell Initiation

These cells were originated using Cell Systems Complete Serum-Free Medium (SF-4Z0-500), and subsequently grown and passaged in Cell Systems Complete Medium (4Z0-500). They are available at Passage 3 [< 12 cumulative population doublings] cryopreserved in Cell Systems Cell Freezing Medium™ (4Z0-705). This vial will initiate a Passage 4 cell culture in a 75cm² flask. Each vial contains more than 1 x 10⁶cells.

In addition to cryopreserved vials, these cells also are available in 25cm² and 75cm² proliferating cell culture flasks (US domestic market only).

Companion Products

Each vial of cells is shipped with vials of Bac-Off® (antibiotic) and CultureBoost™ (animal derived growth factors) or CultureBoost-R™ (human recombinant growth factors) at no additional cost.

These cells are qualified for use with:

Complete Classic Medium Kit with Serum and CultureBoost™

ADD TO CART

The System™

ADD TO CART

Passage Reagent Group™

ADD TO CART

Standard Tests

TEST	RESULT
HIV Serologic Test (donor level HIV AB EIA)	Negative
HIV PCR Test (frozen cell pool by CLIA Licensed Clinical Lab)	Negative
Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) PCR Test (at frozen cell level)	Negative
Test of frozen cells for Mycoplasma spp. (ATCC method by CLIA Licensed Clinical Lab)	Negative

Cell Markers and Functional Tests

MARKER	RESULT
CD31	> 98% positive by immunofluorescence
VWF / Factor VIII	> 95% positive by immunofluorescence
Uptake of Di-I-Ac-LDL	> 95% positive by immunofluorescence

Characterization in Peer-Reviewed Literature

Modified with permission from Storm et al EMBO Molecular Medicine (2019) 11:e9164.

Figure S1. Characterisation of HBMEC (Cell Systems ACBRI 376) at number of passages, as measured by flow cytometry. Unlabelled cells are depicted in grey. Blue = passage 5, light green = passage 7 (only in B), red = passage 8, dark green = passage 9. A, Uptake of DiI-labelled acetylated low density lipoprotein. B, Levels of CD31 expression. C, Upregulation of ICAM-1 by 10ng/ml TNF; dotted lines represent unstimulated labelled cells and the continuous lines represent the TNF-stimulated cells. D, Levels of EPCR expression on TNF-stimulated HBMEC. E, Levels of CD36 expression on TNF-stimulated HBMEC.

Reprinted with permission from Smits and Mir et al. PLoS ONE (2011) 6:e16282. Figure 5. Inhibition of EZH2 reduces endothelial tubule formation in vitro. (A) HBMVECs (ACBRI 376) were cultured on Matrigel coated plates in EBM, EGM, or EBM supplemented with U87-GFP cells. Scale bar = 450 µm. Inhibition of EZH2 in HBMVECs, either by transfection with pre-miR-101, EZH2 siRNA, or treatment with DZNep significantly reduced tubule formation as compared to control cells. Tubule formation was assessed as tubule length and branching. (B) Quantitation of tubule length and branching using ImageJ software. (n = 3) Error bars indicate s.d. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, t test.

Reprinted with permission from Smits and Mir et al. PLoS ONE (2011) 6:e16282. Figure 6. Inhibition of EZH2 reduces endothelial migration and invasion in vitro. (A) HBMVEC (ACBRI 376) monolayer cultures were scratched. Images were acquired directly after scratching (t = 0) and 24 h later (t = 24). The migration front is indicated by the dashed lines. Scale bar = 450 µm. Inhibition of EZH2 in HBMVECs, either by transfection with pre-miR-101, EZH2 siRNA or treatment with DZNep significantly reduced migration as compared to control. (B) Quantitation of endothelial cell migration into the scratched area using ImageJ software. (C and D) HBMVECs were transfected with pre-miR-101, EZH2 siRNA, non-related control molecules, or treated with DZNep, incubated on a Transwell system and subsequently analyzed for invasion capability. EZH2 inhibition, either through pre-miR-101, EZH2 siRNA or DZNep, significantly decreased invasion as shown by Hoechst staining. Scale bar = 225 µm. (n = 3) Error bars indicate s.d. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, t test.

Reprinted with permission from Niego et al. PLoS ONE (2017) 12: e0177332.

Figure 5. Only KD025, but not fasudil, protects brain endothelial cells (ACBRI 376) from rt-PA and plasmin. (A) Small molecule KD025 concentration-dependently blocks permeability changes in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (ACBRI 376 BECs; cultured without astrocytes) treated for 6 h with DMSO as control or with rt-PA (25nM) and human plasminogen (plgn; 100nM), with or without KD025 (2 and 20μM). n = 4. (B) Comparison of selective ROCK-2 inhibition by KD025 (20μM) versus non-selective ROCK inhibition by fasudil (HA1077; 2, 20 and 100μM) against rt-PA+plasminogen (25nM+100nM, respectively) in BECs, as assessed 6 h post stimulation. HA1077 displays no protective capacity in BECs. n = 3. Bars represent mean±SEM. **P<0.01 compared to all other groups, ***P<0.001 compared to t-PA+Plgn by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis. ## P<0.01 compared to DMSO control and P = 0.06 by two-tailed paired t-test. (C) Representative phase-contrast micrographs (top panels) and double immunofluorescence images of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1, representing tight junctions (TJs); white) and nuclei (Hoechst; red) (bottom panels) of ACBRI 376 BECs stimulated for 6 h with DMSO (control) or with rt-PA+plasminogen (25nM+100nM, respectively), in the presence or absence of KD025 (20μM). KD025 attenuates morphological changes (arrows) and preserves TJs in endothelial cells. Asterisks depict areas with degraded TJs. Scale bars = 200μm.

Citations

"Exosome-Mediated Transfer of ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) from Endothelial Progenitor Cells Promotes Survival and Function of Endothelial Cell" Wang et al. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020

"Reduced Influence of apoE on Aβ43 Aggregation and Reduced Vascular Aβ43 Toxicity as Compared with Aβ40 and Aβ42." Jäkel et al. Molecular Neurobiology, 2020

"Expression and Functional Relevance of Death-Associated Protein Kinase in Human Drug-Resistant Epileptic Brain: Focusing on the Neurovascular Interface" Williams et al. Molecular Neurobiology, 2019
"FGF20 protected against BBB disruption after traumatic brain injury by activating the AKT/GSK3β pathway to upregulate junction protein expression and inhibiting JNK/NFκB-dependent neuroinflammation" Chen et al. Research Square, 2019

"3D brain angiogenesis model to reconstitute functional human blood–brain barrier in vitro" Lee et al. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019

"The Membrane-Active Phytopeptide Cycloviolacin O2 Simultaneously Targets HIV-1-infected Cells and Infectious Viral Particles to Potentiate the Efficacy of Antiretroviral Drugs" Gerlach et al. Medicines, 2019

"Application of a Flow-Based Hollow-Fiber Co-Culture System to Study Cellular Influences under Hyperglycemic Conditions" Ebrahim et al. Scientific Reports, 2019

"Tangential Flow Filtration for Highly Efficient Concentration of Extracellular Vesicles from Large Volumes of Fluid" Busatto and Vilanilam et al. Cells, 2018

"In Vitro Cell Models of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier: Demonstrating the Beneficial Influence of Shear Stress on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Phenotype" Rochfort and Cummins et al. Blood-Brain Barrier, 2018

"Memantine protects against ischemia/reperfusion‐induced brain endothelial permeability" Liu et al. IUBMB Life, 2018

"Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor in human epileptic endothelial cells impacts drug biotransformation in an in vitro blood–brain barrier model" Ghosh et al. Epilepsia, 2018

"The neurovascular protective effect of alogliptin in murine MCAO model and brain endothelial cells" Hao et al. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2018

"HDAC3 inhibition prevents oxygen glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation‐ induced transendothelial permeability by elevating PPARγ activity in vitro" Zhao et al. J Neurochemistry, 2018

"Expression and Functional Relevance of Death-Associated Protein Kinase in Human Drug-Resistant Epileptic Brain: Focusing on the Neurovascular Interface" Williams et al. Molecular Neurobiology, 2018

"Barrier properties and transcriptome expression in human iPSC‐derived models of the blood–brain barrier" Delsing et al. Stem Cells, 2018

"FGF21 Protects the Blood–Brain Barrier by Upregulating PPARγ via FGFR1/β-klotho after Traumatic Brain Injury" Chen et al. J Neurotrauma, 2018

"Recombinant FGF21 Protects Against Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage Through Nrf2 Upregulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mice" Yu et al. Molecular Neurobiology, 2018

"Reactive astrocytic S1P3 signaling modulates the blood–tumor barrier in brain metastases" Gril and Paranjape, et al. Nature Communications, 2018

"High Circulatory Phosphate Level Is Associated with Cerebral Small-Vessel Diseases" Chung et al. Translational Stroke Research, 2018

"Vav3-induced cytoskeletal dynamics contribute to heterotypic properties of endothelial barriers" Hilfenhaus, et al. Journal of Cell Biology, 2018
"Human Cortex Spheroid with a Functional Blood Brain Barrier for High-Throughput Neurotoxicity Screening and Disease Modeling" Nzou and Wicks et al. Scientific Reports, 2018

"Zika virus crosses an in vitro human blood brain barrier model" Alimonti et al. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, 2018
"Buprenorphine decreases CCL2‐mediated migration of CD14+CD16+ monocytes" Jaureguiberry‐Bravo et al. J Leukocyte Biology, 2018
"Novel insights into neuroinflammation: bacterial lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor α, and Ureaplasma species differentially modulate atypical chemokine receptor 3 responses in human brain microvascular endothelial cells" Silwedel et al. J Inflammation, 2018

"Additional increased effects of mannitol-temozolomide combined treatment on blood-brain barrier permeability" Choi et al. BBRC, 2018.
"Loading MiR-210 in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Derived Exosomes Boosts Their Beneficial Effects on Hypoxia/Reoxygeneation-Injured Human Endothelial Cells via Protecting Mitochondrial Function" Ma et al. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
"Gintonin, a ginseng-derived exogenous lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, enhances blood-brain barrier permeability and brain delivery" Kim et al. Intl Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018
"Brain microvascular endothelial cells exhibit lower activation of the alternative complement pathway than glomerular microvscular endothelial cells" Sartain et al. J Biological Chemistry, 2018
"FGF21 Protects the Blood-Brain Barrier by Upregulating PPARγ via FGFR1/β-Klotho Following Traumatic Brain Injury" Chen et al. J Neurotrauma, 2018
"ACE2-EPC-EXs protect ageing ECs against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury through the miR-18a/Nox2/ROS pathway" Zhang et al. J Cellular Molecular Medicine, 2018.
"Tick-borne encephalitis virus infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells without compromising blood-brain barrier integrity" Palus et al. Virology, 2017
"Selective inhibition of brain endothelial Rho-kinase-2 provides optimal protection of an in vitro blood-brain barrier from tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasmin" Niego and Lee et al. PLoS ONE 2017
"α-Klotho expression determines nitric oxide synthesis in response to FGF-23 in human aortic endothelial cells" Chung et al. PLOS One, 2017
"Tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside ameliorates H2O2-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses" Jiang et al. Molecular Medicine Reports, 2017.
"Overexpression of pregnane X and glucocorticoid receptors and the regulation of cytochrome P450 in human epileptic brain endothelial cells" Ghosh et al. Epilepsia, 2017.
"Human Endothelial Cell Collection from the Middle Cerebral Artery in Acute Ischemic Stroke" Sheth et al. J Stroke Cerebrovascular Disease, 2017.
"Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to blood-brain barrier endothelial cells" Qian et al. Science Advances, 2017.
"Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 inhibits apoptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation in human brain microvascular endothelial cells" Xin and Jiang, Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2017.
"VEGFR2 alteration in Alzheimer’s disease" Cho et al. Scientific Reports, 2017.
"Automated image analysis and spatial computational modeling of NF-kB in cerebrovascular endothelial cells" Catalfomo. (Dissertation) 2016
"TLR4 induces CCR7-dependent monocytes transmigration through the blood–brain barrier" Paradis et al.J Neuroimmunology, 2016
"A microRNA-152 that targets the phosphatase and tensin homolog to inhibit low oxygen induced-apoptosis in human brain microvascular endothelial cells" Cao and Li et al. Genetics and Molecular Research, 2016
"C5a induces caspase‐dependent apoptosis in brain vascular endothelial cells in experimental lupus" Mahajan et al. Immunology, 2016
"Tumour necrosis factor‐α‐mediated disruption of cerebrovascular endothelial barrier integrity in vitro involves the production of proinflammatory interleukin‐6" Rochfort et al. J Neurochemistry, 2016
"Neuropilin-1 modulates interferon-γ-stimulated signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells" Wang et al. Journal of Cell Science, 2016
"Cerebral ischemia-induced angiogenesis is dependent on tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-mediated upregulation of α5β1 and αVβ3 integrins." Huang et al. J Neuroinflammation, 2016.
"Shiga Toxin Mediated Neurologic Changes in Murine Model of Disease" Pradhan et al. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2016.
"Tumor-Derived Factors and Reduced p53 Promote Endothelial Cell Centrosome Over-Duplication" Yu et al. PLoS One, 2016.
"Different Regulation of p53 Expression by Cadmium Exposure in Kidney, Liver, Intestine, Vasculature, and Brain Astrocytes" Lee et al. Toxicology Research, 2016.
"Endothelial progenitor cells and neural progenitor cells synergistically protect cerebral endothelial cells from Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury via activating the PI3K/Akt pathway" Wang et al. Molecular Brain, 2016.
"Distinct Contributions of Astrocytes and Pericytes to Neuroinflammation Identified in a 3D Human Blood-Brain Barrier on a Chip" Herland et al. PLoS One, 2016.
"The Novel Methods for Analysis of Exosomes Released from Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells" Wang et al. Stem Cells International, 2016.
"Rapid endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization enables early blood–brain barrier disruption and long-term ischaemic reperfusion brain injury" Shi et al. Nature Communications, 2016.
"Interaction between Endothelial Protein C Receptor and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 to Mediate Binding of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes to Endothelial Cells" Avril et al. mBio, 2016.
"Optimization of an in vitro human blood–brain barrier model: Application to blood monocyte transmigration assays" Paradis et al. MethodsX, 2016.
"Senescence from glioma stem cell differentiation promotes tumor growth" Ouchi et al. BBRC, 2016
"Retinal pericytes and cytomegalovirus infectivity: implications for HCMV-induced retinopathy and congenital ocular disease" Wilkerson et al. J Neuroinflammation, 2015
"Brain vascular pericytes following ischemia have multipotential stem cell activity to differentiate into neural and vascular lineage cells" Nakagomi et al. Stem Cells, 2015
"Soluble VCAM-1 impairs human brain endothelial barrier integrity via integrin α-4-transduced outside-in signaling" (Axel Haarmann, 2015.
"Heregulin-HER3-HER2 signaling promotes matrix metalloproteinase-dependent blood-brain-barrier transendothelial migration of human breast cancer cell lines" Momeny et al. Oncotarget, 2015.
"Enhanced anticancer properties of lomustine in conjunction with docosahexaenoic acid in glioblastoma cell lines"(Harvey KA, 2015.
"Recreating blood-brain barrier physiology and structure on chip: A novel neurovascular microfluidic bioreactor" Brown et al. Biomicrofluidics, 2015.
"JAM-A and ALCAM are therapeutic targets to inhibit diapedesis across the BBB of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in HIV-infected individuals" Williams et al.J Leukocyte Biology, 2015.
"Soluble VCAM-1 impairs human brain endothelial barrier integrity via integrin α-4-transduced outside-in signaling" Haarmann et al. Acta Neuropathology, 2015.
"Regulation of T-cell activation and migration by the kinase TBK1 during neuroinflammation" Yu et al. Nature Communications, 2015.
"Angiotensin-(1-7) Counteracts Angiotensin II-induced Dysfunction in Cerebral Endothelial Cells via Modulating Nox2/ROS and PI3K/NO Pathways" Xiao et al. Science Direct, 2015
"Arachidonic acid induces brain endothelial cell apoptosis via p38-MAPK and intracellular calcium signaling" Evans et al. Microvascular Research, 2014
"Brain endothelial cells increase the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum through production of soluble factors" Kahw et al. Experimental Parasitology, 2014
"Combination treatment with AcSDKP and tissue plasminogen activator provides potent neuroprotection in rats after stroke" Zhang et al. Stroke, 2014.
"Diabetes Mellitus Aggravates Hemorrhagic Transformation after Ischemic Stroke via Mitochondrial Defects Leading to Endothelial Apoptosis" Mishiro et al. PloS One, 2014.
"Effect of status epilepticus and antiepileptic drugs on CYP2E1 brain expression" Boussadia et al. Neuroscience, 2014.
"Cancer-associated fibroblast promote transmigration through endothelial brain cells in three-dimensional in vitro models". Choi et al. Cancer Cell Biology, 2014.
"A systems biology analysis of brain microvascular endothelial cell lipotoxicity" Aung et al. BNC Systems Biology, 2014.
"Downregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Phenotype by Proinflammatory Cytokines Involves NADPH Oxidase-Dependent ROS Generation: Consequences for Interendothelial Adherens and Tight Junctions" Rochfort et al. PLoS One, 2014.
"HSP27 protects the blood-brain barrier against ischemia-induced loss of integrity" Leak et al. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 2013
"Effects of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Microvesicles on Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Apoptosis" Wang et al. Oxidative Medicine & Cellular Longevity, 2013
"Cycloviolacin O2 (CyO2) suppresses productive infection and augments the antiviral efficacy of nelfinavir in HIV-1 infected monocytic cells" Gerlach et al. Peptide Science, 2013
"Multicellular Self-Assembled Spheroidal Model of the Blood Brain Barrier" Urich et al. Scientific Reports, 2013.
"TWEAK/Fn14 pathway modulates properties of a human microvascular endothelial cell model of blood brain barrier" Stephan et al. J Neuroinflammation, 2013.
"β-Cyclodextrin-poly(β-Amino Ester) nanoparticles for sustained drug delivery cross the blood–brain barrier" Gil et al. Biomacromolecules, 2012
"Lipopolysaccharide impairs amyloid beta efflux from brain: altered vascular sequestration, cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption, peripheral clearance and transporter function at the blood–brain barrier" Erickson et al. J Neuroinflammation, 2012
"Neurotrophin production in brain pericytes during hypoxia: A role of pericytes for neuroprotection" Ishitsuka et al. Microvascular Research 2012
"PDGF Receptor β Signaling in Pericytes Following Ischemic Brain Injury" Arimura et al. Current Neurovascular Research, 2012
"Establishment of a new conditionally immortalized cell line from human brain microvascular endothelial cells: A promising tool for human blood–brain barrier studies" Kamiichi et al. Brain Research, 2012
"Soluble Amyloid-β Protein Aggregates Induce Nuclear Factor-κB Mediated Upregulation of Adhesion Molecule Expression to Stimulate Brain Endothelium for Monocyte Adhesion" Gonzalez-Velasquez et al. J Adhesion Science & Technology, 2012
"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Modulation of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Barrier Properties" Liu et al. J Neurol Sci., 2012.
"Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein 770 Is Released from Inflamed Endothelial Cells and Activated Platelets" Kitazume et al. J Biological Chemistry, 2012.
"Down-Regulation of miR-101 in Endothelial Cells Promotes Blood Vessel Formation through Reduced Repression of EZH2" Smits and Mir et al. PLoS One, 2011
"Astrocytes and pericytes cooperatively maintain a capillary-like structure composed of endothelial cells on gel matrix" Itoh et al. Brain Research, 2011
"Fatty acid transport protein expression in human brain and potential role in fatty acid transport across human brain microvessel endothelial cells" Mitchell et al. J Neurochemistry, 2011
"Soluble aggregates of the amyloid-β peptide are trapped by serum albumin to enhance amyloid-β activation of endothelial cells" Rayes Barcelo et al. J Biological Engineering, 2009
"Differential expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes involves histone modifications" Seo et al. BBRC, 2009
"Alzheimer Disease–Associated Peptide, Amyloid β40, Inhibits Vascular Regeneration With Induction of Endothelial Autophagy" Hayashi et al. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2009.
"Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and protein that promote tumor growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers" Skog et al. Nature Cell Biology, 2008
"Tight junction regulation by morphine and HIV-1 tat modulates blood-brain barrier permeability" Mahajan et al. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2008
"MRP (ABCC) transporters-mediated efflux of anti-HIV drugs, saquinavir and zidovudine, from human endothelial cells" Eilers et al. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2008
"Soluble aggregates of the amyloid‐β protein activate endothelial monolayers for adhesion and subsequent transmigration of monocyte cells" Gonzalez-Velasquez & Moss. J Neurochemistry, 2008
"miR-296 Regulates Growth Factor Receptor" Wurdinger et al. Cancer Cell, 2008
"Cannabinoids inhibit HIV-1 Gp120-mediated insults in brain microvascular endothelial cells" Lu et al. J Immunology, 2008
"Alterations in the Notch4 pathway in cerebral endothelial cells by the HIV aspartyl protease inhibitor, nelfinavir" Grigorian et al. BMC Neuroscience 2008
"Polyomavirus JC Infects Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Independent of Serotonin Receptor 2A" Chapagain et al. Virology, 2007
"Age-dependent telomere-shortening is repressed by phosphorylated α-tocopherol together with cellular longevity and intracellular oxidative-stress reduction in human brain microvascular endotheliocytes" Tanaka et al. J Cellular Biochemistry, 2007
"AKAP12 Regulates Human Blood–Retinal Barrier Formation by Downregulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α" Choi et al. Journal of Neuroscience, 2007
"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and VEGF upregulate CXCR4 in glioblastoma: implications for angiogenesis and glioma cell invasion" Zagzag et al. Laboratory Investigation, 2006
"Integrin Regulation by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells" Lee et al. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2006
"CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mediates enhanced transmigration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier: a potential mechanism of HIV-CNS invasion and NeuroAIDS" Eugenin et al. Journal of Neuroscience, 2006
"IL-1beta regulates blood-brain barrier permeability via reactivation of the hypoxia-angiogenesis program" Argaw et al. Journal of Immunology, 2006
"Brain endothelial homeostasis regulation by pericytes" Kim et al. J Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 2006
"Endothelial microparticles induce formation of plateletaggregates via a von Willebrand factor/ristocetin dependentpathway, rendering them resistant to dissociation" Jimenez et al. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2005
"Glioma cells under hypoxic conditions block the brain microvascular endothelial cell death induced by serum starvation" Ueda et al. J Neurochemistry, 2005
"Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef potently induces apoptosis in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells via the activation of caspases" Acheampong et al. Journal of Virology, 2005
"Contribution of proteoglycans to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 brain invasion" Bobardt et al. J Virology 2004
"Insulin degrading enzyme is expressed in the human cerebrovascular endothelium and in cultured human cerebrovascular endothelial cells" Gao et al. Neuroscience Letters, 2004
"HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells" Avraham et al. J Immunology, 2003
"Interactions Between p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Caspase-3 in Cerebral Endothelial Cell Death After Hypoxia-Reoxygenation" Lee and Lo, Stroke, 2003
"Endothelial cells release phenotypically and quantitatively distinct microparticles in activation and apoptosis" Jiminez et al. Thrombosis Research, 2003.
"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Modulates the Transendothelial Migration of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells through Regulation of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Permeability" Lee et al. J Biological Chemistry, 2003
"Neutrophil-derived glutamate regulates vascular endothelial barrier function" Collard et al. J Biological Chemistry, 2002
"Molecular basis for high renal cell sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of shigatoxin-1: upregulation of globotriaosylceramide expression" Hughes et al. J Assoc. Society Nephrology, 2002
"mRNA expression and amino acid transport characteristics of cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBME)" Umeki et al. Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetics, 2002
"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Modulates Neutrophil Transendothelial Migration via Up-regulation of Interleukin-8 in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells" Lee et al. J Biological Chemistry, 2002
"Elevated endothelial microparticles in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: findings from brain and renal microvascular cell culture and patients with active disease" Jiminez et al. British Journal of Haematology, 2001
"Induction of cyclooxygenase‐2 expression during HIV‐1‐infected monocyte‐derived macrophage and human brain microvascular endothelial cell interactions" Pereira et al. J Leukocyte Biology, 2000
"Interaction of Shiga toxins with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: cytokines as sensitizing agents" Ramegowda et al. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999
"Role of caspases 1 and 3 and Bcl‐2‐related molecules in endothelial cell apoptosis associated with thrombotic microangiopathies" Mitra et al. Am J Hematology, 1998
"Chemokine Receptors in Human Endothelial Cells" Gupta et al. J Biological Chemistry, 1998.

Cell Systems cells are available for in vitro research purposes only and may not be transferred out of the direct control of the recipient Institution/Agency/Organization. Cell Systems cells may not be genetically altered in any way without prior written permission from Cell Systems. Use of Cell Systems materials (evidenced by placement of any order for product) constitutes knowledge, understanding and binding acceptance of these restrictions on behalf of the recipient Institution/Agency/Organization.

Cell Systems was created to further the knowledge of eukaryotic cell biology through laboratory research, publications and teaching. Cell Systems provides cells and cell culture products to other research entities - public and private.

Please read our Terms and Conditions

Coming Soon: Suspension, plateable and spheroid competent hepatocytes will be available at Cell Systems through our partner AnaBios. Optimized media and reagents, too. Stay tuned!